영어 전치사 연구 5. out

영어 전치사 연구

 

5. OUT

 

X가 Y에서 벗어나 있는 관계 / 벗어나려는 관계

 

① X의 성질

The Tunnel goes out.

He locked her out of the house.

She is out now.

 

② Y의 성질

He has asked her out

There is a fly in my soup, get it out.

Pluck that feather out.

This fool is for pressing juice out of fruit.

There are rocks in rice I sift them out.

He cut out the article about his performance.

 

③ Y가 활동영역인 경우

He chickened out of swimming across the river.

 

④ Y가 추상적인 개체인 경우

He has been singled out to represent our team.

When I was in trouble, my family bailed me out.

She passed out the orange juice.

The land was parcelled out among his children.

 

⑤ Y가 시작 또는 지각 영역인 경우

He come out that he has been cheated.

The public smoked out the criminal.

The heat rash broke out.

 

⑥ 불완전한 상태 ->완전상태 / 전체 ->부분

Police pieced out what has happened.

Think out the implication.

He is working out, the plot of his next book.

They are going to try out the new engine.

It all come out in the world.

 

⑦ 관찰자의 위치 / 관찰자가 Y밖과 Y안

Drown out the music.

Be sure to stamp the fire out.

The shoes wore out.

This gas will put out during operation.

The referee counted out the felled boxer.

 

⑧ 있던 것이 없어지는 경우와 그 반대

The bleached out the odd color.

The custom is dying out.

They laughed out his ideas.

That remark put me out.

I may throw out on idea which you may then throw out as a foolish one.

 

⑨ X와 Y가 같을 경우

We strung out along the narrow path.

The housing development has sprawled out all over the vally.

It ballooned out.

The soldiers spread out when they were crossing the field.

The tree is beginning to branch out.

 

⑩ 한계가 있는 확장

Write out the abbreviation.

The best way to round out your education is by travelling.

 

⑪ 잠재에서 실현으로

How can we seek out right person for the job?

Beat out the message on the drum.

peter blurted out the secret.

Scribble out your signature.

strum out a tune on the guitar.

Carry out your plans.

 

⑫ 주어가 X의 근원인 경우

The whale sends out distinctive sounds.

Mind out that you don't catch cold.

John hit out in all directions.

 

⑬ X가 시간인 경우

The year is out.

He served out his sentence.

He lived out his remaining years of his life in America.

At 12 O'clock he took time out for a cigarette.

With the approach of spring, the days begin to draw out quite noticeably.

 

⑭ X가 용기속의 양인 경우

When we were only a few miles from our destination the gasoline gave out.

We are out of milk.

It is doubtful whether out resources will hang out for more than two or three years more.

She talked herself out.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[영어 전치사 연구] 1. about

영어 전치사 연구

 

1. About - <here and there>

 

① 장소

The papers were scattered about the room.

The children are left their toys lying about the room.

Don't leave bottles, tins, and papers about the park.

hundreds of people were walking about the street.

Fifty or sixty people gathered about the table.

The street about the castle are full of the places of historic interest.

This plant grows in the meadows about oxford.

He goes about the country lecturing on the evils of drink.

The nature of his business enable him to get about world a great deal.

Children like to run about the park.

 

② 수치

He came at about 9:30

They are about 3 feet long.

There are about 200 pages in the book.

He is about 50 years old.

 

③ 추상적 속성

what's the best thing about the car.

What's your opinion about his work.

Is there something suspicious about his story?

Something about him seems strange.

There is sense of humor about him.

There is something about him that I like.

He is about on important piece of work.

I must be about my father's business.

He is angry about Tom.

Are you pleased about your job?

I feel guilty about leaving the kids behind.

 

④행동 및 과정

The train is about the leave.

I was about to go out

The concert is about to begin.

The dinner is about cooked.

The building about built.

The work about finished.

 

⑤ 부사적 용법

- about 뒤에는 당연하고, 쉽게 예상되는 것.

 

There is no one about (me)

The Cholera is about ~

He has left his paper about ~

The drivers slow down when they see children about ~

He fell down and tore his trousers about ~

He got drunk and hit his wife about ~

He is always fooling about ~

We have to hang about for a while.

She just loafed about for two years.

 

about : ~ 대해서, 여기저기에, 범위는 "of" 보다 넓고 세부적이다.

 

Practical English Usage(1) 456

Practical English Usage!!

 

Don’t say it! 130 Common mistakes

35 Basic mistakes to avoid. Check in the section to see why they’re wrong,

 

Don’tsay/write(X)	say/write (o)
I have seen Louis yesterday	I saw the yesterday

 

456 - Present perfect (2) : perfect or past?

2. finished-time words : present perfect not used

->> we do not often use the present perfect with words that refer to a completely finished period of time, like yesterday, last week, then, when, three years go, in 1970. This is because the present perfect focuses on the present, and words like these focus on the past, so they contradict each other.

Have you seen Lucy anywhere?

 

in Korean

2. 지나간 시재/시간의 말은 현재완료를 쓰지 않는다.

->> 보통 어제, 지난주, 그때, 1970년에, 3년전 등등.. 완전히 지난 일에 대해서는 현재완료를 쓰지 않습니다. 위에 말은 과거의 일에 비중을 둔 것이지만, 현재완료는 현재에 초점을 맞추기 때문입니다. 그래서 지난일에 현재완료를 쓰는 것은 모순되는 말입니다.

 

>>현재완료와 현재의 차이를 설명, 어감을 알게됨.

 

For Example

: A saw Lucy yesterday ( Not I have seen Lucy yesterday)

Tom has hurt his leg; he can't walk

: Tom hurt his leg last week( Not Tom has hurt his leg last week)

What have you done with the car keys? I can't find them

: what did you do them?(Not what have you done them?)

My brother has had an accident. He's in hospital

: When did the accident happen?(Not when has the accident happened?)

All my friends have moved to london

: Eric moved three years ago(Not Eric has moved three years ago)

Language Acquistion '언어를 습득하는 최고의 방법'

원문 :  Language Acquistion '언어를 습득하는 최고의 방법'

 

제 짧은 경험으로 생각해보자면 외국어(영어)를 공부하는 왕도는 없습니다. 하지만 목표와 방향은 잡고 공부해야합니다. 우선 "당신은 영어를 왜 공부합니까?" 무슨 공부든 목적이 있어야 합니다. 취업할때 스펙이 필요합니까? 그럼 토익책 사고, 토익강의 들으면서 토익공부하시면 됩니다. 이 글을 읽으실 필요는 없습니다.

 

아래글은 외국어를 공부하고자, 언어를 마스터 하고자 하는 사람에게 필요한 글입니다. 그리고 언어공부중 얻은 짧은 팁이라고 생각하시면 맘이 편하겠군요.

 

오랜만에 좋은글을 보게 되서 스크랩..ㅋㅋ 길지만 외국어 학습자라면 다 읽어보시길...  

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I’m now in the UK to learn English, more precisely, to improve my English. Even though I started learning English when I was at Primary school, for more than 10 years, I don’t think my English is good enough. I still have problems to express my opinion, and it’s not a matter of vocabulary.

The most serious problem is that I still hesitate before I say something. I have to think of what I’m going to speak and quite often, my brain tries to translate my thoughts which are Korean into English. That makes me always hesitate and not be able to speak naturally and automatically.

Of course, some people would argue that it’s absolutely natural because English is not my mother tongue. Yes, I used to think like this. However obviously there are many people out there who can learn languages much quicker than others or at least are good at English as their second language. I’ve heard of a linguist who was be able to speak more than 15 languages even though he never went abroad for his whole life. Is this ‘Phenomenon’ utterly because of their talent and gift?

No, it’s not true. Because we all know children can learn language amazingly faster than adults and when a family moves to a foreign country for some reason, usually their children would be able to speak a foreign language in a few years, whereas their parents wouldn’t.

Many linguists used to think that children had special talent to learn language effectively, which disappeared when they grew up. But some recent researchers say that no one loses this ability but we just forget how to use it.

Yes, it’s sad but true. We’ve forgotten how long it took that we were able to say our first word (usually, ‘mom’) when we were babies. Before a baby starts speaking, they wait. This silence period is one of the most important factors of learning a language.

There is research about a 29-year-old Mexican man living in the United States for 12 years. He’s a native Spanish speaker and he can speak English well, but he says that he can speak Hebrew better. He’s been working at a Hebrew restaurant whose owner, staff and most customers are Israelis, since he arrived in America.

A researcher starts looking into how he learnt Hebrew. Certainly, he’s never gone to any Hebrew language school and studied Hebrew. But his Hebrew is excellent. The researcher recorded when he was talking to his colleagues about what they did yesterday for 5 minutes and let other 5 native Hebrew speakers hear his conversation. Surprisingly, most of them thought that this guy must’ve lived in Israel for a long time. How was it possible? This guy could speak excellent Hebrew after first 3 years. IN JUST 3 YEARS!!!

Here are the secrets how he did this great achievement. First, he focused on understandable input, in other words, he focused on listening to Hebrew he could understand. In the beginning, maybe that was just one or two words, such as ‘yes, no, here, thanks, etc.’, and then getting more and more complicated. Anyway he didn’t study textbooks and memorise grammar rules or something but he focused on listening everyday to things he could understand a little bit.

Secondly, he didn’t worry about speaking, he was just listening, listening and listening for 2,3 years before he tried to speak a lot. So he had a long silent period focused on listening.

At last, he was a part of a social club. In this case, the restaurant and the owners, staff, and customers of the restaurant.

This silence period is extremely important for learning language. This also can explain that why Dutch people are so good at English. They have been exposed to English circumstance, usually by watching TV since they were young.

For learning language, ‘input’ represents listening and reading while ‘output’ represents speaking and writing. Many people think if we want to improve our speaking, we have to keep speaking and make themselves obsessed with speaking practice. But we can’t speak well if we aren’t ready to speak well. Unfortunately, under traditional language learning circumstances, we are forced to speak and study grammar rules, using textbooks.

There are many researches show this traditional learning methods are totally waste of time and money. All the grammar rules just make us think ABOUT English and prevent us from speaking naturally. As far as I concerned, I’ve never studied Korean grammar rules thoroughly like studying English grammar. But I’m not worried about speaking grammatically correct Korean and I don’t think about grammars before I say. This is because when I learnt Korean I met all three factors above unconsciously.

What’s more there is another interesting research on ‘Error correction’ used at every language schools all the time. We would seem to believe that this error correction is very important to improve our language abilities.

Well, the researchers of this research separated students into two groups. The students of the first group were corrected their errors instantly whereas the other were never done this. The research lasted for a year and the results showed there were no differences between those two groups. They were still making exactly the same mistakes. But the students who were corrected their mistakes tended to speak much more slowly and not to like learning English because they were continually frustrated by teachers with error correction.

Then, what is the best way of learning a language?

So, point the No.1, Understandable input. You must listen, listen, listen and listen more. It is the number 1 activity you must do to improve your English, especially your spoken English. If you want to improve your spoken grammar, you need to listen a lot. If you want to improve your vocabulary that you use when speaking, you must listen a lot. If you want to improve your pronunciation, you must listen a lot. Listening is the number one activity for learning or improving a language. That’s why so many people have problems with English with other languages, because they learn by reading first and memorizing grammar rules first and they never do very much listening. Therefore, when they speak, their speaking is bad and they don’t understand native speakers much. So you must listen to things that you can understand. Listening to a film will not help you if the film is too difficult because you can’t understand it.

The number two activity, understandable input is reading. Reading is also very important and it especially helps your vocabulary. A lot of reading will help your writing as well. But you should not need a dictionary when you read something. If you want to read more difficult things you should read things that are very short. These are two main activities for learning and improving your English.

Second, a long silent period. If you are a beginner of the language, it’s great to have a long long silent period. Most people are probably speaking English already so they don’t need this period, but you should still focus more on listening than speaking.

Finally, being a part of a social club. You have to belong to a group that uses the target language so that you can be connected with the language, people, and culture. Maybe you need to join this kind of social group.

I’m leaving for Korea in a few months but I’m happy that at least I found these methods before leaving. Now I’m working on it. I’m actually starting from scratch.

Language learning is definitely a long race and unfortunately, I was suffering from useless methods for so many years. Now I really need to start afresh and I hope in a few years, my English will be much better enough to speak native speakers, think IN English and speak and understand English naturally and automatically.

Also I can apply this method to learning other languages. After English, I’m going to learn another language, maybe Japanese, Chinese or Spanish or something. Then I’d not be frustrated by learning a language and be able to truly enjoy it!!

 http://effortlessenglishclub.com/

 

 

영어 학습자가 6개월동안 해야할 일

Officially, education psychologists conclude that learning foreign language requires a significant amount of memorization. They clearly suggest that learners of a second language should take at least six months to memorize sentence used in everyday English. They carefully support the the idea that grammar within the sentences is naturally acquired during this intensive memorization. In the process of memorizing sentence, acquistion of the grammar will conveniently and easily take place. As a result, the learners of the second language will be able to create a new sentence that they have never made before. With the accumulated knowledge of the grammar acquired by the act of memorization absolutely make the learners ease to further study.

 

공식적으로, 교육심리학자들은 외국어를 배우는데에는 상당양의 암기를 요한다고 결론지었습니다. 제 2 외국어 학습자는 최소한 6개월동안 실생활에 사용되는 문장을 매일같이  암기해야한다고 분명히 말합니다. 문장안에 문법은 집중적인 암기를 하는 동안 자연스레 습득된다고 조심스례 언급합니다. 문장을 암기하는 과정에서,  문법습득이 쉽고 편하게 이루어질것입니다. 결과적으로, 제 2 외국어 학습자는 암기하지 않은 새로운 문장을 만들 수 있게 됩니다. 암기를 통해 얻은 문법 지식이 쌓이면서 절대적으로 외국어 공부를 보다 쉽게 만듭니다.

 

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페라프레이징 Practice

Officially, education psychologists conclude(advocate, assert, find, reveal) that learning foreign language requires(needs, demands) a significant(considerable, serious, great) amount of memorization. They clearly suggest(recommend, advise, tell, endorse) that learners of a second language should take at least six months to memorize sentence used in everyday English. That carefully support(advocate, claim, hold, embrace, back, sponsor, help, encourage) the the idea that grammar within th sentences is naturally acquired(gained, earned, received, collected) during this intensive memorization. In the process of memorizing sentence, acquistion(learning, studying, meastering) of the grammar will conveniently and easily take place(occur, happen). As a result(in conclusion, finally), the learners of the second language will be able to create(make, cast, build, form, construct) a new sentence that they have never made before. With the accumulated(stored, collected, gathered, added, increased) knowledge of the grammar acquired(gained, earned, received, collected) by the act of memorization absolutely make the learners ease(help, reassure, relax, comfort) to further(more, addtional, new) study.

Difference of Men & Women

Difference of Men & Women

 

Men and women are always biologically different from each other in many ways. One of the most obvious differences between men and women is that men are usually larger in stature than women and have more body hair. Men are considered to be more extroverted, aggressive, physically active and sexually oriented than women. Women, on the other hand, are stereopically seen as high maintenance, more sensitive, interactive, and sensual. Although many of these stereotypes hold true for people everywhere, they do not always account for individual differences.

 

남녀는 언제나 서로 다양한 방법으로 생물학적으로 많은 차이를 보입니다. 한가지 분명한 차이는 남자는 보통 여자보다 크고 더 많은 양의 털이 있다는 것입니다. 남자는 여자보다 더 외향적이고, 공격적이며, 육체적으로 활동적이고 성적인 성향이 강하다고 여겨집니다. 다른 한편으로 여자는, 고정관념상 더 요구사항이 많고, 민감하며, 상호관계적이면서 감각적입니다. 어디곳에 사는 사람이건 이런 많은 선입견이 사실이긴 하지만, 그것이 언제나 개인적인 차이를 고려하는 것은 아닙니다.

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페러프레이징 Practice

Men and women are always biologically(physically, bodily) different from each other in many ways. One of the most obvious(apparent, clear, evident, distinct) differences(gaps, dissimilaritise, contrasts) between men body hair. Men and women is that men are usually larger in stature(height, size, body, figure) than women and have more body hair. Men are considered to be more extroverted(outgoing, easygoing, active) , aggressive(powerful, dynamic, hostile, offensive), physically active(energetic, vigorous, lively) and sexually oriented(adjusted, familiarized) than women. Women, on the other hand, are stereopically seen as high maintenance, more sensitive(tender, kind, attentive, thoughtful), interactive(cooperative, open-minded, helpful), and sensual(keen, acute). Although(Even though) many of these stereotypes hold true for people everywhere, they do not always account(tell, describe, considerm think, judge) for individual differences.

Learn English 유튜브 영상.

 

회화 공부 하려고 찾다가 발견한 영상.

 

일단 쉽다. 그리고 재밌게 설명한다. 자꾸 보게된다. ^^

 

영어 설명이지만 영어자막이 나와서 어렵지 않다.

 

영어를 귀로 들어야하는데 자꾸 눈이 자막으로 가서 걱정이다 ㅠㅠ

 

아직 끝까지 다 안봐서 모르겠지만 하나를 보면 나오는

 

다음 영상을 계속해서 보면 된다.^^

 

부디 열공하길!!!!!

 

원본자료 주소 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohJCdihPWqc&feature=fvw

 

영어원서 읽기 시 생각해야 할 것들 How to read

스피드 리딩을 알게 되고 실천한지 언~ 반년이 다된듯 하다. 영어 학습법을 찾아 해매던 나에게 진리인양 내 안에 온 스피드 리딩. 계획대로라면 지금쯤음 원서읽기 고수가 되어있어야 하는데 아직도 밑 바닥에서 허우적 대고 있다. 여직까지 읽은 원서는 10권~15권 사이인것 같다. 한 원서당 최소 3~4번은 읽은것 같으니 40~50권읽은 셈인가? 확대추산.... 늘 부족하다고 생각했지만 늘어 놓고 보니 적지 않은 기간, 적지 않은 양이다. 그럼에도 불구 하고 아직도 허우적대도 있는 나의 영어독해 실력은 무엇인가? 곰곰히 생각해 보니 읽는 모든 문장에 How to read의 방법을 적용시키지 않은것 같기도 하다. 일단 저자의 말대로 무조건 많이 읽기는 했느나 그 흡수력에 있어서 다소 차이가 있는것 같다.

 

How to read

 

1. 한글뜻을 건너뛰어 바로 이미지화 시킨다.

2. 이중번역 습관을 제거하여 한번에 쭉 좌에서 우호 멈추지 않고 읽는다.

3. 영어 어순을 생각하며 읽는다.

 

별로 어려울 것도 없는데, 읽을 때는 생각을 잘 안하고 그냥 읽었던 적이 많았다. 읽을 때 생각을 하고 의식적으로 공격적으로 읽어야 겠다.

 

그러나, 가장 큰 문제를 체계다. 번역공부를 시작한 후로 번연공부와 스피드 리딩 이 둘의 궁합이 잘 안맛는 것 같다. 꼼꼼히 한문장 한문장 봐야 하는 번역과 빠르게 전체를 읽고 영어적 사고 그대로 받아들이는 스피드 리딩과 충돌이 일어난다. 어느 나가 높은 단계에 있었으면 왠만큼 포용이 될텐데 지금 둘다 초 중반 단계밖에 되지 않아 어려움이 있다.

The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights

 

The Landry News에서 잠시 나와 찾아봤다.

The Bill of Rights(권리 장전) : 1689년 12월에 제정된 영국 헌정사상 중요한 의미를 가지는 의회제정법.

 

짧게 정리하면 미국에 사는 모든 사람들에게 평등한 권리를 주고 약자?를 보호해 주자는 내용의 법률

 

위키 백과 내용>

A bill of rights is a list of the rights that are considered important and essential by a nation. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement by the government. The term "bill of rights" originates from Great Britain, where it referred to a bill that was passed by Parliament in 1689.

An entrenched bill of rights exists as a separate instrument that falls outside of the normal jurisdiction of a country's legislative body. In many governments, an official legal bill of rights recognized in principle holds more authority than the legislative bodies alone. A bill of rights, on the other hand, may be weakened by subsequent acts passed by government, and they do not need an approval by vote to alter it.

An unentrenched bill of rights exists as a separate act that is presented by a legislative body. As such it can be changed or repealed by the body that created it. It is not as permanent as a constitutional bill of rights.

In other jurisdictions, the definition of rights may be statutory. In other words, it may be repealed just like any other law, and does not necessarily have greater weight than other laws. Not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights.

Australia is the only Western country with neither a constitutional nor legislative bill of rights, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states. Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bills of rights for Australia as transferring power from elected politicians to unelected judges and bureaucrats.^[1][2] Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only regions of the nation's states to have a human rights bill.

3. 권리장전 원문 보기

펼쳐두기..

English Bill of Rights 1689

An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown

  Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following, viz.:

 

  Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;

 

  By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;

 

  By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power;

 

  By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;

 

  By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;

 

  By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law;

 

  By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;

 

  By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;

 

  By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;

 

  And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;

 

  And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;

 

  And excessive fines have been imposed;

 

  And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;

 

  And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;

 

  All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;

 

  And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date], in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made;

 

  And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare

 

  That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;

 

  That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;

 

  That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious;

 

  That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;

 

  That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;

 

  That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;

 

  That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;

 

  That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;

 

  That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;

 

  That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;

 

  That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;

 

  That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void;

 

  And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.

 

  And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.

 

  And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law, instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated.

 

  I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God.

 

  I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm. So help me God.

 

  Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sit, and with their Majesties' royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceed to act accordingly. Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, for the ratifying, confirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles, clauses, matters and things therein contained by the force of law made in due form by authority of Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed and taken to be; and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declaration, and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majesties and their successors according to the same in all time to come. And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and annexed. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise that they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary. And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead; and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming to the crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled, _An Act for the more effectual preserving the king's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament._ But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly.

 

  II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by _non obstante_ of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed, but that the same shall be held void and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.

 

  III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made.

 

# 출처 : http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/england.htm

 

 

번역의 탄생(19) 만들어 쓰기

19장. 만들어 쓰기

개념의 핵심을 찌르는 조어법

 

point

번역을 할 때, 외국어의 단어나 표현을 우리말로 바꿀 경우, 적당한 말이 없거나 전혀 새로운 말인 경우가 있다. 이럴 때 번역가는 그 개념의 핵심을 찌르는 만을 만들어 내야 한다.

 

1. 차음어는 익숙해 진 후 쓰자

차음어를 그대로 옮길 경우는 그 대상이 익숙해 진 이후이다. 그러므로 그 전에는 차음어를 그대로 옮기기 보단 그 말에 맞는 단어를 찾아내거나 만들어야 한다.

Hamster 햄스터(혼란) > 큰 쥐(아리송함) > 조선 쥐, 명주실 쥐(명확함) > 햄스터(익숙함)

 

2. 다듬기

어렵지 않아도 오해의 여기가 있는 말은 좀 명확하게 다듬어야 한다.

Corporatism 조합주의(노동조합 같은 이미지) > 협약주의

 

3. 핵심 찌르기

말을 지을 때는 원어에 휘둘려서는 안 되고 개념의 핵심을 찔러야 한다.

Qualification and Curriculum Authority - 정부 산하의 시험 감독 기관

- 자격 및 교육과정 평가원 > 자격교육과정평가원 >

Qualification-자격이라는 말에 너무 얽매이면 안 되고 그의 본질인 시험, 수험임을 파악해야 한다, Curriculum-교육과정 도 마찬가지로 본질은 교육이다.

> 수험교육평가원 이라는 말이 더 자연스럽다

 

4. 구체적으로 바꾸기

너무 일반적이어서 가리키는 바가 모호할 때 구체적으로 바꿔줄 필요가 있다.

Chapter - 참사회(성직자들이 모여서 기도하고 중요한 일을 상의 하는 모임)

> 언뜻 의미가 전달되지 않는다. > 성무회

 

5. 작위적인 토박이말보단 정착된 한자어가 낫다.

-토박이말과 한자를 섞어 쓰지 말자 (대리돌, 무지개돌)

Swastika 어금꺽쇠 십자기장(어색한 토박이말) > 갈고리 십자

 

6. 구조적으로 접근하라. - 원어에 구애 받지 말고 핵심을 찌르라.

sagittal plane ‘시상봉합’이란 말보단 ‘좌우전단면’이라 말하면 쉽습니다.

sagittal plane (사람의 몸통을 좌우로 가르는 면) 좌우전단면

coronal plane (사람의 몸통을 이마와 평행하게 앞뒤로 자르는 면) 전후전단면

transverse plane (사람의 몸통을 위아래로 양분하는 면) 상하전단면

 

번역가는 사전의 틀을 넘어서야 한다. 사전에 아직 담지 못한 말이 무수히 많다. 외국어와 한국어 사이에는 아직 뚫리지 않은 회로가 무수히 널려 있다. 필요하다면 말을 만들어서라도 그 회로를 자꾸만 뚫어야 한다.

 

 

영어 속독 10계명

영어 속독 10계명

 

 

1. Regression Elimination (되돌아 읽기의 제거)

독해가 잘 안 되는 학생들의 공통점은 모두 읽다가 자꾸 되돌아 와서 다시 읽는다는 점이다. 이 나쁜 습관만 없앨 수 있어도 최소한 독해속도는 두 배로 증가된다. 없애는 방법은 문장을 처음부터 끝까지 한 번만 읽고 눈을 들어 무엇을 읽었는지 생각해보는 것이다. 기억이 나지 않으면 중간으로 눈을 돌리지 말고 다시 처음부터 시작하라.

 

2. Fixation (시각고정)

시각의 고정은 주로 Key words 혹은 Signal words에서만 하는 것이 바람직하다. 우리 학생들은 모든 단어에서 눈을 멈추면서 읽어나간다. 독해속도는 단어 하나하나의 인식속도에서 결정이 되는 것이기 때문에 적게 멈출수록 속도는 높아진다. 주로 의미가 담긴 명사나 동사에서 멈추고 접속사나 관사 등 문법적 기능을 하는 단어는 그냥 지나쳐 버려야한다.

 

3. Feeling-Picturing(느낌으로 익히기-그림으로 저장하기)

단어나 문장을 문자로 기억하지 말고 이미지로 저장하라. 예를 들어 I saw a little boy swimming in the river. It was a bright sunny day. 라는 문장을 읽고 단어를 기억하는 것이 아니라 밝고 화창한 어느 날 강에서 수영하고 있는 한 소년의 모습을 한 장의 사진에 담는다면 훨씬 더 정확하고 강렬한 느낌을 주는 영상 이미지로 저장되어질 것이다.

 

4. Translation Habit Elimination (번역습관의 제거)

번역하지 말고 그냥 어순의 배열에 충실하면서 쓰여진 그대로를 받아들여라. 영어를 영어로 이해하여 기억할 수 있다면 그 영어는 다시 사용할 수 있는 쓸모 있는 영어가 된다. 번역하지 말고 그 자체로 받아들여라. 그래서 영영사전이 좋다.

 

5. Eye span(시각의 폭) vs Configuration (단어의 모양)

미국 사람들은 한번에 평균 세 단어씩 보는데 반해 우리 나라 사람들은 한번에 한 단어씩만을 인식한다고 한다. 그들과 비슷해지기 위해서는 단어를 평소에 익힐 때 스펠링으로 기억하는 것이 아니라 단어의 모양으로 학습하는 발상의 전환이 필요하다. 간단한 예로, archaeology는 쉽게 읽을 수 있지만 ARCHAEOLOGY는 쉽게 알아보기 어렵다.

 

6. Vocal Reading (음성독해) vs Subsonic Reading (무성독해)

우리 나라 영어교육은 음성이라는 기초공사를 무시한 그릇된 방향으로 달려왔기 때문에 읽고 어느 정도 이해하는 사람은 많은데 듣고 말할 줄 아는 사람을 키우지 못해왔다. 올바른 음성독해가 이루어지기 전에 소리 없이 읽기만 해왔기 때문이다.

 

7. Return Eye Sweep (행간 되돌아오기)

줄의 맨 끝에 있는 단어와 그 다음 줄에 있는 첫 단어를 마치 바로 붙어 있는 단어처럼 빠르게 읽어 나간다면 시간을 상당히 절약할 수 있다. 눈동자가 빠르게 움직일 수 있도록 훈련해보자.

 

8. Comprehension (이해도)

처음에 빨리 읽기를 시도하게 되면 이해가 더 잘 안 되는 것처럼 느껴질 수 있다. 그러나 수많은 언어학자들의 주장처럼 앞의 내용을 잊기 전에 그 내용과 논리적으로 연결된 다른 내용을 접하게 되면 전체에 대한 이해는 반드시 상승하게 되어있다.

 

9. Retention (기억)

빠르게 읽으면 더욱 내용에 집중하게 되고 이 때문에 이해도가 높아지게 되면 내용에 대한 기억 또한 높아진다. 독해를 하고도 읽은 내용을 기억하지 않는다면 그것은 시간 낭비이다. 읽고 나서 기억하라.

 

10. Speed Reading (속독의 완성)

(1) 목표를 정하라. (Set up your goal.)

(2) 매일 하루도 쉬지 말고 연습하라. (Practice makes perfect.)

(3) 꿈이 이루어지는 것을 시각화(Visualization)하라.

(4) 성취감(sense of achievement)을 느껴 보라

 

 

  출처 :  http://cafe.naver.com/readingtc.cafe